How a quantum computer works

A course from zero: why we need quantum computers, what light and photons are, the maths you need, the instruments of an optics lab, and how qubits compute. Short lessons, one idea each, with figures to play with and experiments on a virtual optical table.

Module 1. Why a quantum computer?

What a classical computer does, where it stops, and what a quantum computer promises (and what it does not).

Module 2. What is light?

From waves to photons, the way physics got there: interference, the photoelectric effect, and light that travels like a wave and arrives as particles.

Module 3. Maths toolbox I

Probability, complex numbers as arrows that add and turn, vectors and projections, and the rule that turns arrows into probabilities.

Module 4. The instruments of the lab

Lasers, mirrors, beam splitters, polarizers, wave plates and single-photon detectors: what they do and how.

Module 5. The quantum photon

One photon at a time, interference and measurement. The lab already has these experiments.

Module 6. The qubit

From a photon to the unit of quantum information; the Bloch sphere, true randomness and quantum cryptography.

Module 7. Maths toolbox II

Complex vectors, matrices, unitaries and Dirac notation.

Module 8. Single-qubit gates and circuits

The optical table as a quantum computer, and the first algorithm.

Module 9. Two qubits and entanglement

Bell states, Hong-Ou-Mandel interference and the Bell test.

Module 10. The universal computer

CNOT, universal gate sets, and why photons need tricks.

Module 11. Algorithms

Bernstein-Vazirani, Grover, the Fourier transform and Shor, with realistic expectations.

Module 12. Errors and error correction

Decoherence, noise and how logical qubits are built from physical ones.

Module 13. How quantum computers are built

Photons, trapped ions, neutral atoms, superconducting circuits and spins.

Module 14. Programming a quantum computer

From circuits to code with Qiskit and PennyLane.